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\begin{document}
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 \begin{center} {\Large
Women's Self-Defense Training: \\
Effects Upon Behaviors and Efficacy Expectancies
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{\large D. R. Smith \par }
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\section{Introduction}
Rape impacts all women:  raped women and women fearful of rape.
Woomen adapt many strategies for coping with the threat of rape
and recovering from past rapes.

Women adopt many strategies for coping with the threat of rape and
recovering from past rapes.   Some restrict their activities, some
deny their fears, some attempt to gain a degree of control over
the threat.  Acquiring self-defense skills against sexual assault
is one method for developing some control.  This study evaluated one
self-defense training program.  The question organizing the study
was how such training affected women's behaviors, fears, and
strategies for resisting assault.

Attention to women's behaviors does not imply that the victims are
responsible for, nor always able to prevent rape.  Self-defense
training remains just one aspect of rape prevention policy and one
way for women to gain some sense of control over this threat.
As long as men continue to rape, such control can never be complete.

Self-defense training doesn't prescribe how to react in an assault
situation: it only gives the woman a larger repitorie of options.
Only the woman under attack can evaluate the situation and respond
accordingly.  Self-defense training, by showing a wider range
of alternatives, and offering an opportunity to practice in,
and gain confidence with, these alternatives, provides women with
skills that may allow them to exercise control over a
threating situation.

Until recently, little was known about women's behavior during
rape.Instead, most energy was put into studies of male rapists
and women's post-assault reactions.  Three recent research
projects (Bart, 1981; McIntyre, 1980; Queen's Bench
Foundation, 1976) have sought out and interviewed women
who were sexually assaulted in order to understand how these women
had responded during their attacks.
Of special interest were
\begin{itemize}
\item variables that correlated with attempted completed rapes.
\item how effective was the woman's resistance.
\end{itemize}
Though each study had methodological weaknesses, their findings were
relatively consistent across all three:
\begin{itemize}
\item Women have successfully avoided rape.
\item Assertive resistances correlated with rape deterrance.
\end[itemize}

While fighting, screaming, running, speaking assertively did not
always prevent rape, such assertive behaviors correlated with a lower
likelihood that the assault would be completed.  These studies
also noted a positive relationship between assertive resistance
and injury (though docility provided no guarantee against injury
and lack of assertive resistances also correlated with greater
sexual abuse beyond the abuse of rape itself.
Though there were no absolutes or rules across situations,
\marginpar{unclear}
the willingness to resist aggressively, as well as possibly risk
injury, were related to rape deterrence.

This study evaluated one self-defense training program.  Women
take training to learn to protect themselves, and effective
training should teach participants those attitudes and
skills that the research record has shown to correlate
positively with assault deterrence.

First, women could decrease their likelihood of assault by
observing safety precautions and practicing vigilant behavior.
Second, Women could develop the ability and willingness to react
assertively when assaulted.

Measurement of likelihood of assault was achieved through self-reports
of a range of precautionary behaviors, both in the community and
in the home (adapted from a questionnaire by Riger, Gordon, and
LeBailly, 1982).  Of interest were women's perceptions of both their
avoidance (limiting exposure to high-risk situations) and their
vigilance (acting to manage risks when encountered).

Women's willingness to aggressively respond to an assailant was
more difficult to operationalize.  An original measure was developed
based on Bandura's (1982) self-efficacy theory.  The index assessed,
across three assault situations, woman's self-reported outcome
expectencies (beliefs that certain behaviors would lead to assault
deterrence) and self-efficacy expectancies (beliefs that an
individual could successfully perform such behaviors in assault
situations).
Factor analysis of this measure yielded tow main types of resistance
strategies:
\DesSize{``assertive behavior''}
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\item[``assertive behavior'']
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